In APA style, the ampersand is used when citing sources in text such as (Jones & Jones, 2005). As a result, both & and and may appear in the same credit, as appropriate to how the writing proceeded. In the latter case, they both contributed enough significant material to the screenplay to receive credit but did not work together. In screenplays, two authors joined with & collaborated on the script, while two authors joined with and worked on the script at different times and may not have consulted each other at all. The ampersand is used by the Writers Guild of America to denote two writers collaborating on a specific script, rather than one writer rewriting another's work. In film credits for stories, screenplays, etc., & indicates a closer collaboration than and. SODOR WORKSHOPS STEPNEY PLUSĪ handwritten plus sign used, like the ampersand, to mean 'and'Īmpersands are commonly seen in business names formed from partnership of two or more people, such as Johnson & Johnson, Dolce & Gabbana, Marks & Spencer, and Tiffany & Co., as well as some abbreviations containing the word and, such as AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph), A&P (supermarkets), R&D (research and development), D&B (drum and bass), D&D (Dungeons & Dragons), R&B (rhythm and blues), B&B (bed and breakfast), and P&L (profit and loss). The plus sign + (itself based on an et-ligature ) is often informally used in place of an ampersand, sometimes with an added loop and resembling ɬ. The ampersand is also sometimes shown as an epsilon with a vertical line above and below it or a dot above and below it. In everyday handwriting, the ampersand is sometimes simplified in design as a large lowercase epsilon Ɛ or a reversed numeral 3, superimposed by a vertical line. This symbol may have entered the script language by way of monastic influence in the time of the early Christian church in Ireland. The Tironian et (⁊) is found in Old Irish language script, a Latin-based script generally only used for decorative purposes today, where it signifies agus ("and") in Irish. However, while the ampersand was in origin a common ligature in everyday script, the Tironian et was part of a highly specialised stenographic shorthand. Both symbols have their roots in the classical antiquity, and both signs were used throughout the Middle Ages as a representation for the Latin word et ("and"). The ampersand should not be confused with the Tironian "et" ⁊, which has the same meaning, but which in appearance resembles the numeral 7. In her 1859 novel Adam Bede, George Eliot refers to this when she makes Jacob Storey say: "He thought it had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see." The popular nursery rhyme Apple Pie ABC finishes with the lines "X, Y, Z, and ampersand, All wished for a piece in hand". Moore's 1863 book The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks. Similarly, & was regarded as the 27th letter of the English alphabet, as taught to children in the US and elsewhere. The ampersand often appeared as a character at the end of the Latin alphabet, as for example in Byrhtferð's list of letters from 1011. Since the ampersand's roots go back to Roman times, many languages that use a variation of the Latin alphabet make use of it. After the advent of printing in Europe in 1455, printers made extensive use of both the italic and Roman ampersands. The modern italic type ampersand is a kind of " et" ligature that goes back to the cursive scripts developed during the Renaissance. The et-ligature, however, continued to be used and gradually became more stylized and less revealing of its origin (figures 4–6). During the later development of the Latin script leading up to Carolingian minuscule (9th century) the use of ligatures in general diminished. In the later and more flowing New Roman Cursive, ligatures of all kinds were extremely common figures 2 and 3 from the middle of 4th century are examples of how the et-ligature could look in this script. and the Old Roman cursive, in which the letters E and T occasionally were written together to form a ligature (Evolution of the ampersand – figure 1). The ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. Example of ampersand based on a crossed epsilon, as might be handwritten
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